Communication in The Global Village Essay -- Technology Globalization

The world that we understand is rapidly becoming a much smaller entity. Technology is rapidly bringing us to places we have never been before. Thanks to widespread globalization, and the explosive growth and use of the internet, people are uniting and communicating in ways never dreamed two decades past. While more developed countries are taking advantage of this new global village, less developed countries helplessly stay in their idle life rafts as the sharks of these new virtual communities circle round. In the dawn of time communication started with mediums such as facial expressions, groaning, and sometimes just whacking a member of your community in the head. Communications simplest form is essentially dying with the construction and use of this web of interweaving technology known as the internet. Unlike forms of communication of days long past , not everyone can get involved in this World Wide Web. The internet is a community that uses a simple non intentional form of segregation that limits the use of the internet to people who live in countries that have the ability to set up these online villages. The makings of this new virtual revolution is essentially separating people. In the article Social Policy for Cyberspace, Dale Spender argues how people are being rapidly separated into two groups: the Master Minds and those that are being kept in the dark. She also explains how the People in the real world are being divided up into the information-rich and the poor. (Spender, Composing Cyberspace, p 266.) Basically the people with access to a global village are moving forward and the people in underdeveloped countries are lying stagnant. Like myself, Spender believes strongly in the well being of Third World countri... ...ciety demands a world that must rapidly change and make life easier we will strive to achieve that level no matter what the task. Eventually everyone on this earth will be able to connect to create the ultimate utopian global village, but until then we must look to countries less fortunate than us and continue to try and industrialize them to bring them up to our cyber caliber before they are forgotten. Priority needs to be given to research and policies that actually examine and deal with the impact that the new technologies are having on human beings, globally, nationally and locally. (Spender, Composing Cyberspace, p 269.) Works Cited Holten, Richard. Composing Cyberspace: Identity, community, and knowledge, in the electronic age. United States: Mcgraw-hill companies inc. 1998. Spender, Dale. Composing Cyberspace; Social Policy for cyberspace. P. 266

Pennsylvania School Essay

It is my fervent wish to attend the prestigious University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine primarily because of the instant respect that a graduate of this 128 year old institution commands and also because I share the university and I share the same mission objectives and beliefs. I firmly believe that my goal of becoming and exceptional citizen who strives to offer the best available, affordable and even free dental services to those in need will be lent a guiding hand by the university. This is because just like the university, I believe that dentistry is a lifelong commitment that requires a lifetime of learning and discipline that will help me achieve my objective of providing a necessary dental care to the people who need it the most regardless of their status in life and financial capability. Achieving this will be possible for me because Penn Dental Medicine encourages their students to undertake dental researches and education that most often thrusts their students into the center of innovative and improved dental care methods. It is my hope that I will be given the chance to join the roster of students of Penn Dental Medicine who have gone on to become leaders in their chosen areas of dental specialization by attending regular classes in the atmosphere of the school that is conducive to students like me who strive for constant learning. Since Penn Dental Medicine encourages free expression, reasoned discourse, and diversity of ideas, I believe that I can only blossom and reach my full intellectual potential while attending this university because I will be allowed to explore my full potential not only as dental student and future dentist, but also as an individual whose rights are respected by the university as well.

Could Stem Cell Injections Heal Muscles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1520 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? In this paper I will mainly focus on the effects of stem cell injections on skeletal muscle injures in mice, this is because those types of muscle injuries are extremely common. Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized tissue made up of non-dividing, multi-nucleated muscle fibers, which contract to generate force in a controlled and controlled manner,which account for up to half the mass of the human body. However, effective muscle function is both mechanically and energetically demanding, making this tissue particularly susceptible to damage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Could Stem Cell Injections Heal Muscles?" essay for you Create order Such muscle damage may reduce mobility and contribute to metabolic. Skeletal muscle has a strong innate tissue damage repair capability. Despite the proficiency of this intrinsic repair capability, severe injuries resulting in a significant loss of muscle tissue overwhelm the innate repair process and require intervention in order to restore muscle function. Natural muscle damage repair is a step wise process requiring the coordinated activity of a number of cell types involving three healing steps: degeneration and inflammation, regeneration and fibrosis. There is a phase of myofiber degeneration immediately after injury that is initiated by the release of proteases into the tissue stroma; these proteases automatically digest myofibers and thereby release tissue debris along the injury zone. In addition, macrophages stimulate the paracrine release by T cells of cytokines and other chemotactic factors that can recruit progenitor and satellite cells with muscle regeneration capacity locally. While the degeneration phase is transient, the subsequent regeneration phase of myofibers is the first step in the long-term pattern of skeletal muscle injury. This phase may begin as early as 24 hours after injury, as evidenced by the cytokine-mediated induction of local satellite cells that previously lie dormant between the basal lamina and sarcolemma; however, the complete formation of new, centronucleated myofibers cannot be detected histologically until at least 3 5 days after injury. It is likely that the differentiation of satellite cells into myotubules and myofibers is a crucial event in the regeneration phase. To date, these progenitor cells are perhaps the best characterized and are often referred to as muscle stem cells because they favor myogenic lines. Fibrous tissue prevents the full recovery of the muscle and current therapies fail to achieve total recovery of the muscle. Gene and (or both) cell therapy are potential future treatments for serious muscle injuries. The properties of stem cells related to growth factors and /or cytokines can improve muscle healing and allow for long term recovery. Perhaps the biggest limitation for patients resulting from skeletal muscle injury pathophysiology is the formation of a dense fibrotic scar tissue. Clearly, fibrosis is caused by a deleterious increase in the cytokine growth factor (TGF)-B1 following injury. MDSCs and other myogenic cells differentiate into myofibroblasts, which produce collagen type I, the main component of fibrotic tissue, in the presence of this cytokine. Fibrosis can ultimately prevent patients from returning to their basic function, partly by preventing the formation of new axons towards myofibers, and contributes to a decrease in muscle contractility and range of movement. It is a known fact that as we get older, our cells gradually lose the ability to heal themselves and injury can cause muscle loss due to a process called muscular atrophy, which is where regenerative medicine takes place. Like stem cell injections, which fall under the category of stem cell therapy to treat or prevent a disease or condition by using stem cells. Stem cells are capable of differentiating into specific types of cells. The two defining features of a stem cell are perpetual s elf-regeneration and the ability to differentiate into a specialized type of adult cell. There are two main classes of stem cells: pluripotent cells that can become any cell in the adult body and multipotent cells that are limited to a smaller cell population. In the case of muscle damage, the cells that have been used most frequently in pre-clinical trials are muscle satellite cells (MSCs). MSCs have the ability to renew and differentiate into multiple lineages of connective tissue, including bone, fat, cartilage, tendon, muscle, and bone marrow stromal cells. Stem cell injections has proven to be successful in injured/aging mice but do to some challenges this form of therapy has not move forward to clinical trials, but results may forecast a promising future for regenerative medicine Research The research I found was limited to animal models and majority of the studies were performed in laboratory experiments on mice. For example, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have developed a molecular matrix, a hydrogel, to deliver muscle satellite cells (MSCs) directly to damage muscle tissue in patients whose muscles do not regenerate well. The hydrogel was successfully in delivering MuSCs to injured, aged muscle tissue in mice and boosted the healing process while protecting the stem cells from harsh immune reactions. CS In Addition, the same method was also s uccessful in mice with a muscle tissue deficiency that matched Duchene muscular dystrophy, and if research progresses, the new hydrogel therapy could one day save the lives of people suffering from the disease. Researchers at the University of Colorado in Boulder and the University of Washington also discovered that stem cells injected into the muscles of the mouse led to an increase for the rest of the mouses life. The injuries not only healed, but muscle mass increased by 50 percent and muscle volume increased by 170 percent. For some reason, the stem cells did not simply multiply and replace old damaged cells. They formed new connections to myofibers and increased significantly in numbers within the muscle. In other words, whatever the transplanted stem cells did, it was much more than just repairing damage and normalizing things. Issues with Research When it comes to stem cell injections moving into clinical trials there are a few challenges that need to be faced for that to happen. For example our immune system, researchers at the Georgia institute for technology found that simply injecting additional muscle satellite cells into damaged, inflamed tissue was inefficient because the new cells enter the body when the immune system on the warpath. And like any muscle injury or disease its going to attract the immune system and where as in any other case this would be a good thing, in the case o f aged or dystrophic muscles it is not. This is because in this case the immune system release toxins that kill the stem cells off, in fact when tested the found that between and 1 and 20 percent of the injected MSCs actually made it to the targeted site and those that did were weakened. Which is why they developed a solution to coat the cells in , a hydrogel often start out as water-based solutions of molecular components that resemble crosses, and other components that make the ends of the crosses attach to each other. When the components come together, they fuse into molecular nets suspended in water, resulting in a material with the consistency of a gel. If stem cells or a drug are mixed into the solution, when the net, or matrix, forms, it ensnares the treatment for delivery and protects the payload from death or dissipation in the body. Whereas researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder and the University of Washington ran into a different issue/ concern. The mice used in this experiment injuries were inflicted directly using barium chloride injections and its made the question if that was a natural injury or muscle loss due to a disease would the stem cell reaction be similar. And they also questioned if age at the time of injury/ treatment played a major role in the effects since they used mice that were about 3 months in age for the treatment and as donors. Sine the muscles in mice are very small so its unclear on how well the cells would migrate in the larger muscles of humans. Si milarities Mouse models are regarded as the most advanced and practical models used as an alternative to genetic research in humans. Ethical concerns in many cases prevent scientists from using human subjects and embryos to test stem cell therapies that could be used for future use. In such cases, it can be extremely useful that an impressive 99 percent of the genes belonging to mouse DNA match the corresponding human counterpart gene sequences. In this way, scientists can use embryonic and adult stem cells from mice and conduct their research unhindered while also gaining important insights into the potentially practical adaptation of research to clinical trials in humans. Mouse studies make stem cell research more bright than ever before. Many of the past few achievements and advances in embryonic stem cell research have been achieved using ES cells grown from different mouse models. Since embryonic cells can play a role in virtually any other cell type, mouse ES cells have already been used to develop and study different mouse tissue samples closely resembling human tissue and to evaluate their reaction to certain treatments and stimuli. The genetic manipulation of ES cells in the mouse and the addition of human genetic material are also at the forefront of e mbryonic stem cell research.

GMAT Sample Questions, Answers and Explanations

The GMAT is a crucial step in the business school application process.  Admissions committees use applicants  GMAT scores to assess their ability to succeed in a graduate-level program. The best way to prepare for the GMAT is to complete sample questions that test the same skills as the actual exam. The samples listed below resemble GMAT questions in structure, format, and skills tested. After completing all of the sample questions, review the answers and explanations at the end of this article. Integrated Reasoning Sample Questions The Integrated Reasoning section  contains 12 questions in four different categories: Multi-Source Reasoning, Graphical Interpretation, Two-Part Analysis and Table Analysis. You will have 30 minutes to complete this section of the GMAT. Question #1 Commodity Production: World Share (%) Production: World Rank Exports: World Share (%) Exports: World Rank Pork 8 4 20 4 Beans 13 3 24 2 Beef 32 2 22 3 Corn 47 1 34 1 Evaluate the table shown above, which displays data about American agricultural products. Answer YES to the following statement if the information in the table makes the statement true. Otherwise, answer NO. No country, including America, produces more than one-half of the worlds corn. Question #2 ABC Boats is producing a new speedboat called the Lake Skipper. The Lake Skippers fuel economy is R miles per gallon (R(m/G)) when it is driving a constant speed of S miles per hour (S(m/h)). Select the expression that represents the number of gallons of fuel that the Lake Skipper will use when driving at a constant speed (S) for 1 hour. Your answer should be in terms of the variables R and S. Select the expression that represents the number of gallons of fuel that the Lake Skipper will use when driving at a constant speed (S) for 60 miles. Your answer should be in terms of the variables R and S. You should make two selections total (one in each empty column). Gallons of Fuel in 1 Hour Gallons of Fuel in 60 Miles Expression S/R R/S S/60 R/60 60/S 60/R    Quantitative Reasoning Sample Questions The Quantitative Reasoning section  contains 31 questions in two categories: Data Sufficiency and Problem Solving. You have 62 minutes to complete this section of the GMAT. Question #1 If a b, c d, b c and e b, which of the following statements must be true?   I. a eII. e dIII. a c (A) I only   (B) II only (C) III only (D) II and III   (E) I and III Question #2 On a 3-day trip to Italy, 4 adults ate $60 worth of spaghetti. How much would it cost for 7 adults to eat spaghetti on a 5-day trip to Italy if they ate the same spaghetti at the same cost per person per day? (A) $175 (B) $100 (C) $75 (D) $180 (E) $200 Verbal Reasoning Sample Questions The Verbal Reasoning section contains 36 questions in three categories: Reading Comprehension, Critical Reasoning and Sentence Correction. You will have 65 minutes to complete this section of the GMAT. Question #1 According to a recent study, the amount of work people are tasked with  rank as one of the high causes of workplace stress for American adults. (A) rank as one of the high causes of workplace stress (B) ranks as one of the more high causes of workplace stress (C) rank as one of the leading causes of workplace stress (D) ranks as one of the leading causes of workplace stress (E) rank as one of the higher causes of workplace stress Question #2 The cost of purchasing raw materials from Company A is fifteen percent less than the cost of purchasing raw materials from Company B. Even after taxes and transportation fees are added, it is still cheaper to purchase raw materials from Company A and have them transported than to purchase raw materials from Company B. Which of the following assertions is supported by the above statement? (A) Labor costs at Company A are fifteen percent lesson that labor costs at Company B. (B) The taxes on raw materials from Company A are more than fifteen percent of the cost of purchasing raw materials from Company B. (C) Company B inflates their prices to be more competitive than Company A. (D) It takes less time for Company A to mine raw materials. (E) The cost of transporting raw materials from Company A is less than fifteen percent of the cost of purchasing raw materials from Company B. Analytical Writing Sample Questions This section does not contain questions like the other three sections. Instead, you will be presented with a written argument. Your job is to critically analyze the validity of the argument and then write an analysis of the argument. The analysis should be an assessment of the reasoning used in the argument; you do not need to express your personal opinions. You have 30 minutes to complete the Analytical Writing section. Question #1 Many experts agree that reading can reduce stress and ease tension in muscles. Recently, two new libraries opened in the tri-county area. Consequently, the hospitals in the area should see a reduction in patients seeking treatment for heart attacks and strokes. To ensure that Lavender Hospital is not overstaffed, we should immediately reduce the number of emergency nurses at the hospital and allocate payroll savings to the radiology department, which desperately needs funds for new equipment. Write a critique of the above argument within 30 minutes. Question #2 Lick It Up Ice Cream began advertising in the local newspaper last month and saw its business increase by 15 percent over previous months totals. This rise in sales proves that newspaper advertising still works as well as it used to and can be used to make any food service company more profitable. Write a critique of the above argument within 30 minutes. Integrated Reasoning Answers and Explanations #1 Answer: Yes. This answer can be obtained by analyzing the table. Look at the Production: World Share (%) column for Corn and the Production: World Rank column for Corn. America is ranked first in corn production in the world and only produces 47% of the world share of corn. Therefore, it is true that no country, including America, produces more than one-half of the worlds corn. #2 Answer: S/R and 60/R. When Sspeed and Rmiles per gallon, S/R represents the number of gallons of fuel the Lake Skipper will use in one hour of drive time at constant speed. You would need to divide S by R to find out how much fuel would be used in one hour. When Rmiles per gallon and 60 represents the number of miles, 60/R represents the number of gallons of fuel that the Lake Skipper will use when driving at a constant speed (S) for 60 miles. You would need to divide 60 by R to find out how much fuel would be required for a 60 mile drive. Quantitative Answers and Explanations #1 Answer: D. It is true to say that e is greater than d and that a is greater than c. However, you cannot say that a is greater than e. Although we know that e is greater than b and that a is greater than b, there is no evidence that a is greater than e. #2 Answer: A. The answer is $175. To get to this number, you need to start by determining how much spaghetti costs per person per day. Divide 60 by 4 to get 15. This is the cost of spaghetti per day. Then, divide 15 by 3 to get 5. This is the cost of spaghetti per person per day. Then you switch from division to multiplication to get the cost for the second trip. Multiply 5 (the number of days on the trip) by 5 (the number of people on the trip) to get 25. Then, multiply 25 (the cost of food for five days) by 7 (the number of people) to get 175. It would cost $175 for 7 adults to eat spaghetti on a 5-day trip to Italy. Verbal Sample Answers and Explanations #1 Answer: D. The correct answer is ranks as one of the leading causes of workplace stress. This is the option that creates the most effective sentence without awkwardness or grammatical error. The verb ranks agrees with the subject of this sentence (amount of work). The word leading is also a better fit idiomatically than high and makes the sentence less awkward. #2 Answer: D. The cost of transporting raw materials from Company A is less than fifteen percent of the cost of purchasing raw materials from Company B. This is the only answer option supported by the statement. The statement does not mention labor costs, price inflation, or the amount of time to mine raw materials. The statement also clearly indicates that even with taxes and transportation fees, it is still costs LESS to purchase raw materials from Company A than Company B. Analytical Writing Answers and Explanations #1 and #2 Answer: There is no single correct answer or critique for either argument. However, each critique should 1.) restate a brief summary of the argument; 2.) analyze the use of reasoning and evidence in the argument; 3.) identify potential counterarguments, alternative explanations or questionable assumptions; and 4.) identify evidence that could have been used to strengthen the argument; 5.) provide a conclusion that sums up your critique. Check over what you have written to see if you have accomplished all five of these goals.

Labor Relations Southwests Current Issues - 1425 Words

Current Issues Despite Southwest’s long standing reputation as an employer who makes their employees and customers happy, there have been storms brewing in the company’s labor relations and customer relations sector. As was mentioned before, Southwest recently acquired AirTran Airways and revealed plans to take its already successful domestic business international with flights to Mexico and the Caribbean (Martin, 2014). This organizational restructuring is causing Southwest to have what Time Magazine’s Brad Tuttle calls an â€Å"identity crisis† for the airline whose new advertisements have removed the humor they are famous for and the messages of â€Å"bags fly free† from commercials. Bob Jordan, a Southwest executive, explained the change as a†¦show more content†¦Another reason the airlines’ employees disagree about adding seasonal workers is because Southwest is also in another contract negotiation that may mean freezing pay scales to prevent company lay-offs. It seems unfair to add more employees who will also be looking for a piece of the monetary pie. These labor relations issues are new to Southwest, and for the first time the company’s problems, and not their great customer service, are putting them in the spotlight. To overcome this, the company will need to tread gently and find ways to successfully negotiate with their unions (Maher, 2014). Potential ways to manage and influence relationships to benefit all The success of Southwest Airline and their substantial growth are unquestionable, despite some of their recent setbacks, and they are even used as an example in American business colleges as one of the best organizations to work for. They have been often praised for their culture of going the extra mile for their employees and customers; and consequently they have a series of unions which historically they have had good relations with. As previously discussed in actuality southwest is having some internal disputes over the new union contracts and this is causing turmoil within the company (Maxon, 2014). These current issues they are facingShow MoreRelatedBusiness Strategy Of Southwest Airlines1633 Words   |  7 Pagescosts, keeping its unique culture intact, changes in the leadership of the company, and continually finding excellent talent. Southwest’s talent is selected very carefully, and at the same time is compensated very competitively, resulting in restively low labor cost for the company. The continued access to and availability of talents has a direct impact on Southwest’s operating strategy of being the cheapest and most efficient airline, which in turn depends on highly motivated employees whoRead MoreSouthwest Airlines11551 Words   |  47 PagesSeptember 11, 2001 were thought by some on Southwest’s management team to make it more difficult for the airline to maintain its distinctive competitive position. For example, industry bailout efforts by Congress were intended to help Southwest’s competitors that were in the worst financial condition. The need to respond to constantly changing security directives made it harder for employees to create and convey the Southwest SPIRIT. More recently, Southwest’s organization had increased efforts to maintainRead MoreSouthwest Airline Case Study15774 Words   |  64 Pagesairline industry in 1974 and offered it ever since. In 2000, Southwest offered its employees a record-setting $138M in profit sharing. This tax-deferred compensation represented an additional 14.1 percent of each employees annual salary. The current mission statement of Southwest Airlines does not satisfactorily address each component of the Evaluation Matrix of Mission Statements and therefore should be revised. 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Currently, Southwest serves about 60 cities (in 31 states) with 71 million total passengers carried (in 2004) and with a total operating revenue of $6.5 billion. Southwest is traded publicly under the symbol â€Å"LUV† on NYSE. Facts: Read MoreBest article11361 Words   |  46 PagesAirlines, was packing her briefcase at the end of a 17-hour day. Tomorrow was an off-site meeting with the top nine executives of Southwest Airlines. The agenda for the meeting was to review Southwest’s competitive position in light of recent actions by United and Continental, both of whom had entered Southwest’s low fare market. That day’s New York Times (September 16, 1994) had an article that characterized the situation as a major showdown in airline industry: No tC This is a battle royalRead MoreSouthwest Airlines Case3622 Words   |  15 Pagesairline industry, SWA financials have remained strong. * Currently has $3.3 billion in cash and short-term investments, and an available $600 million revolving credit line (Schlangenstein, Hughes, 2010). * Limited control over fuel and labor costs has their impacted their low-cost reputation * Salaries, wages, and benefits constituted approximately 29 percent of their operating cost in 2011 (SWA, 2010). * Jet fuel and oil constituted approximately 38 percent of theRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : The Most Important Airline3734 Words   |  15 Pagesairplanes, it is difficult to predict how and if changes are coming and how they may be affected. Demographics Airline travel has continued to increase over the years. As our economy continues to grow so will globalization which includes the trading of labor (people). The demand for air travel to countries around the world continues to increase and airlines like Southwest are continuously responding with more flights and purchasing of bigger airplanes to accommodate more passengers. It can be seen thatRead MoreSouthwest Airlines Motivational Profile3108 Words   |  13 Pagesenter mergers with other floundering legacy carriers. The latest bankruptcy announcement comes from American Airlines, the last of the legacy carriers to file for Chapter 11 protection (De La Merced, 2011). Heavy debt, inefficient aircraft, and high labor costs are forcing American Airlines to restructure just to compete. Profitable airlines are increasingly dependent on consumer fees, fewer routes, and sold out planes to maintain a positive cash flow. Background of Southwest Airlines SouthwestRead MoreSouthwest Airlines Case Study in 2010 Essay21106 Words   |  85 Pageseconomic power to squeeze us dry so we would collapse before we ever got into business. I was bound and determined to show that Southwest Airlines was going to survive and was going into operation.†3 In January 1971, Lamar Muse was brought in as Southwest’s CEO to get operations under way. Muse was an aggressive, self-confident airline veteran who knew the business well and who had the entrepreneurial skills to tackle the challenges of building the airline from scratch and then competing head-on

Food Desert - Analysis free essay sample

The implementation of this strategy,  specifically by  pioneering small formats in the food desert neighborhoods of Chicago, shows the increased sales opportunities for this market. Walmarts market segmentation studies have shown the potential strength of this type of strategy. The announcement of these stores, and a similar recent announcement in Dallas, demonstrate the importance of these markets in Walmarts plans to gain increased market share of the grocery business.Intelligent market segmentation studies by Walmart have proven the opportunities in these types of urban markets in the US as well as the potential in the Hispanic market, especially in California, Texas and Florida. While traditional grocers   struggle to gain market share by minor improvements in their existing formats and offerings, Walmart has identified significant new opportunities through these studies. Implementation of the Walmart strategy may well bring it an increased dominance in the grocery markets across the US. Smaller, regional chains would do well to define more specific market segments to serve in order to hold their own in their markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Desert Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Walmart cannot take over every special format or segment, they will be very tough competition in the markets where they implement the current strategies. Negotiations for Walmart to gain sites in Brooklyn and other boroughs of Manhattan represent another beach head for this strategy. While the resistance by labor unions and community activists in New  York will make this a tough strategy to implement, Walmart has the staying power to outlast some of the opposition.In addition, their ability to publicize the positive impact on the community through increased employment and merchandise offerings may further erode negative public impression. They have also embraced a number of environmental sustainability initiatives which might buy favorable press in areas like New York. The potential  for incremental sales increases is dramatic here. This is an initiative to watch, and one which may be a game changer for grocery  retail in the US.

Various Genetic Disorders Essay Example For Students

Various Genetic Disorders Essay Various Genetic Disorders Alterations in human chromosomes or the deletion of an important gene product are often due to a mutation, which can spring an abundant strand of genetic mutations and improper coding. Mutations can spring from deletion, duplication or inversion of a chromosome. This improper deletion is the factor that leads to complications and ultimately genetic disorders. Turner Syndrome and Cat-cry Syndrome are both alterations of chromosome structure due to deletion. In Turner Syndrome, there is a missing X chromosome and in the Cat-cry Syndrome chromosome-18 has been lost or deleted. Other genetic disorders that give rise to discussion are point mutations which include Sickle cell anemia, Maternal PKU and the genetic disorder of The D1 Trisomy syndrome. We will write a custom essay on Various Genetic Disorders specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Turner Syndrome was described first by Turner in 1938 (Jack H. Hung 1989 p.45) and it was established that this disorder was due to the deletion of an X chromosome in 1959 by Ford, Jones, Polani, de Ameida and Briggs. The most predominant traits of those who have this disorder consist of being short, having neck webbing with a low hairline and having a widely spaced chest. Turner Syndrome disease is not a fatal disease as long as there is management of possible heart problems and ovarian dysfunction. Early support and counseling are the key in dealing with psychological problems that may arise such as infertility and potential hearing loss. Cat-cry Syndrome is another deletion disorder in which inhibitor survives quite well. Lejeune recognized this disorder in 1964 and he gave it the official name of La Maladie du Cri-du-Chat. The physical characteristics are evident in this disorder. There is a round moon-face, a low birth weight and a transverse palmar crease. When infants are born, it is their cry that stands out the most. It embodies a plaintive high-pitched wail, weak, and with a hint of stridor that sounds like that of a cat (Valtine 1969 p.113). This cry is the result of small vocal cords and a curved epiglottis. As these infants grow older their voice will eventually deepen and become more normal. The chromosome deletion is part of the short arm of a B group chromosome. It seems that the deletion comes about as a chance mishap, a break and then a loss at anaphase (Valtine 1969 p.114). Sickle cell disease is another disorder but is not caused by the deletion of a chromosome. Instead there is an abnormal type of hemoglobin S that is inherited as an autosomal inherited trait. This disease produces chronic anemia, which may become life threatening when hemolytic crises (the breakdown of redblood cells) or aplastic crises (bone marrow fails to produce blood cells) occur (http://www.wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm). The incidence of this disorder is 1/400 African Americans and 8/100,000 people. The manifestations of this disease are a result of the fragility and inflexibility of the sickle red bloodcells. When exposed to a lack of water, infection, and low oxygen supply, thesedelicate red blood cells take the shape of a crescent. This then causes blood celldevastation and thickening of the blood. Sickle cell anemia has the potential to be life threatening and can affect other body systems and parts of the body. Those included are the nervous system, bones, the kidneys and the liver. Maternal PKU is a genetic disorder that stems from point mutation. 1/15,000 people fall victim to the disorder. Phenylketonuria (PKU) has been shown as a cause of retardation in infant fetuses. Children in the fetus begin with a normal amount of phenylalanine hydroxylase but are affected by the mothers elevated phenylalanine level due to the imbalance of prenatal amino acid (Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988). Mental deficiency is clearly evident in disorder and usually consists of I.Q.s of 50. There are frequent mild manifestations of dysfunction and there are mild characteristics of a round face, thin upper lip, a small upturned nose and a deformed maxilla. Occasional abnormalities that are frequently associated with this disorder are sacral spine anomalies, cleft lip and irritability. .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .postImageUrl , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:hover , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:visited , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:active { border:0!important; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:active , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Euclid's Facts EssayThe D1 Trisomy Syndrome is a very rare hideous disease that occurs during the time of infancy. Only just over a dozen cases on record. This diagnosis can often be made at birth due to the consistent abnormalities. The baby is frail, puny, and microcephalic. There may be deformities of the scalp or skull and there is invariably cleft lip or palate (Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.). The fingers and toes are often disfigured on these victems. As far as the other body parts go, there is a congenital heart deformity and there is often abnormal lobulation of the lungs. Interestingly enough, these bizarre deformities are present due to one of the chromosomes in Grou p D, but it is hard to say which one because the D chromosomes cannot be distinguished. The disorder of the D1 Trisomy syndrome is fatal and the babies are expected to live only a few days or weeks, some have lived to 2 or 3 years. If the baby does live past infancy, severe mental defects take their toll. This disorder stood out to me due to the nature of its mysterious formation. It is not known whether pair 13,14, or 15 arise conflict in the chromosomes. Through conducting research on genetic disorders I have come into contact with books that hold hundreds of genetic disorders and most of these pictures are those of children. I picked this topic due to my interest on the topic, but was completely unaware of the graphic nature of some of these disorders. Theodore Roosevelt quotesFar better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs, even though checkered by failure, than to take rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy much nor suffer much, because they live in the great twilight that knows neither victory nor the feeling of defeat. The genetic disorders of today can not be totally wiped off the face of the planet, but can be somewhat predicted with the help of family trees and common knowledge of ancestors. BibliographyKenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988. Smiths Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation pp.520-521 W. B. Saunders Company. G.H. Valentine, M B. 1969. The Chromosome Disorders pp. 113-115 pp. 103-106 Printed in Great Britain by The Whitefriars Press Ltd. London and Tonbridge. Jack H. Jung, M.D. 1989. Genetic syndromes in Communication Disorders pp. 45 PRO-ED Printed in the United States of America. Neil A Campbell, Lawrence G. Mitchell, Jane B. Reece. 1997. Biology concepts and connections. In The Human Genome pp. 238-239 The Benjamin/cummings Publishing Company. Arthur Metcalf. Sickle Cell Diesase. Accessed 4/20/99 through Dogpile. http://www.wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm)